1964年是我出生的年份 一个发现改变了 In 1964, the year I was born, a discovery was made
不仅是我的生命 而是改变了英国乃至全球 that transformed not just my life, but Britain and the world.
我正向离苏格兰东北海岸100英里的地方出发 I'm heading 100 miles off the north-east coast of Scotland
到广袤的北海 into the wilds of the North Sea
去看看那发生里程碑时刻的地方 to see where that landmark moment happened.
我的前方是一个石油平台 Ahead of me is an oil platform,
这片水域众多石油平台的其中一个 one of many throughout these waters
几乎一夜之间就改变了我国的能源财富 that changed our country's energy fortunes almost overnight.
当英国发现了石油 它就占有一席之地 When Britain struck oil, she took her seat at the top
在产油国高等俱乐部的桌子上 table of a very exclusive club of oil-producing nations.
但是北海的石油故事只是最近的史诗故事 But the North Sea story is just the latest in an epic tale that
讲述了这个奇怪的石油炼金术 tells of the strange alchemy of oil.
当我们从地底下挖出石油的那一刻起 From the first moment we drew this stuff from the ground,
我们就打开了永远改变世界的潘多拉盒子 we opened a Pandora's box that changed the world forever.
它改变了我们的生活方式 It transformed the way we lived our lives.
引起了全球最糟糕的冲突 Dictated the outcome of our worst global conflicts.
成为了我们某些伟大的领导人的痴迷 Became an obsession for some of our greatest leaders,
把最基本的自然资源转变成最有力的 and turned a simple natural resource into the most powerful
政治武器 political weapon the world has ever known.
你曾努力从其它地方获取石油吗？ Have you tried to get petrol anywhere else?
是的 非常困难 Oh, yes. Very, very difficult.
但什么时候地质学变成这么高风险的游戏了？ But when exactly did geology turn into such a high stakes game?
为了搞清楚 我计划深入到石油这个故事里去 To find out, I'm going to immerse myself in the story of oil.
我将拜访这个诞生 I'll visit the places that have given birth to the Earth's
石油财富的地方 oil riches.
感觉非常古怪 Ah, that's the weirdest feeling.
发掘出争夺控制和供应石油的人们 Discover the people who fought over its control and supply.
事实上 确实是件大事 两个西方国家的领导人 Actually, it's a really big deal, the leaders of two Western countries
签署了这个法案从根本上推翻了第三者 signing this decree that would essentially overthrow another one.
发掘我们对石油的极其渴望使 And explore how our insatiable thirst for oil is transforming
我们更加依赖地球 the very planet on which we depend.
我们有个严重的问题 就是美国对石油上瘾 We have a serious problem. America is addicted to oil.
这是一个旅程 我想从中弄明白基本的答案 It's a journey that I hope will help me answer a fundamental question.
为何我们会对石油上瘾 How did we become so addicted to oil
在比一个人生命还要短的时间里？ in little more than one human lifetime?
哪些方面使得地球变成了石油星球？ At what point did Planet Earth become Planet Oil?
我们生活在石油时代 We live in an age of oil.
我们的日常生活几乎都离不开石油 It's used in almost every part of our daily lives.
从我们吃的食物 From the food we eat...
到我们家里的织物 ..to the very fabric of our homes.
利用原油 我们彻底改变了我们的生活 By harnessing crude oil we've completely reshaped our lives.
它可以使我们运动 让我们 It's made us mobile, it's allowed us
取暖和点燃我们的房子 to heat and light our homes.
也使我们的医院干净 But also it keeps hospitals clean,
让超市堆得满满 为我们提供了食物和饮料 it keeps supermarkets stocked, it gives us most of our food and drink.
不管是否喜欢 它已经是我日常生活的部分 Like it or not, it's part and parcel of my daily routine.
也是你日常生活的部分 Of your daily routine.
这表明石油是个不可思议的多用途的能源 It all shows just what an incredibly versatile resource oil is.
但也强调了惊人的速度 But it also highlights the frightening speed with which
我们作为一个物种 已经开始依赖它 we as a species, have come to rely on it.
其中一件大事就是基本… One of the big things is the basic over...
作为一名Plymouth大学的地理科学教授 我教 As a professor of geo science at Plymouth University, I lecture
石油地质学 'on the geology of oil.'
涟漪效应通过岩石 重要的是… Ripple effect through the rock. Importantly....
但是学生们在学习这些东西的成分时 But whilst my students learn about the makings of this stuff,
我几乎不说起为何他们的生活被它改变如此之多 I teach them very little about why their lives are so shaped by it.'
为了理解这个问题 我们需要回到最初的地方 To understand that question, we need to first go back to the beginning
去发掘石油真正形成的地方 and explore the origins of where oil actually comes from.
这里是Dorset海岸的Kimmeridge Here at Kimmeridge on the Dorset coast,
我可以开始回答那问题 I can begin to answer that question.
这周围的海洋化石保存在岩石层中 The marine fossils preserved in the rock layers
是这地形独特品质的一个线索 all around here are a clue to the unique quality of this landscape.
因为这是一个石油工厂的要素成分 For this is the makings of an oil factory.
这整个悬崖基本上只是一个 This entire cliff is essentially just a
穿过一个古海床的垂直切片 vertical slice through an ancient seabed.
或者更像是一个连续的海床系列 Or rather a successive series of seabeds,
因为每一层都是海底的污泥形成 because each of these layers are muds that formed on the ocean
然后一层又一层 floor and more were put on top and on top,
直到这些层推倒并压缩彼此 till the layers kind of pushed down and compressed one another.
但是虽然这些层令人感兴趣 But although these layers are all interesting,
有一个层是特别重要的 在这里 there's one that's especially important, and it's this one here.
从大约这里到这里 当地人称它为黑石头 From about here to here, the locals calls this black stone,
但我们知道是石油页岩 but we know it as oil shale.
这岩石的紧密层 碳氢含量非常丰富 This dense layer of rock, is incredibly rich in hydrocarbons,
石油的组成部分 他们包裹着能量 the building blocks of oil, and they're packed with energy.
但是在地理学周期 石油页岩很年轻 But shale is young in geological terms.
我感兴趣的是 在几百年里它转变成了什么 What I'm interested in is what it turns into in a few million years.
为了知道那个 我得加快时间 And to see that, I need to speed up time.
用喷枪加热它 By heating it with a simple blowtorch,
我们可以模仿 页岩被加热 we can mimic the way in which the shale is heated
和压缩在地底下经过数百年 and compressed under the Earth's surface over many millennia.
这就是过程 最终它变为这个 It's a process that eventually turns into this.
就是这东西 玻璃边上黄褐色的污渍 This is the stuff, this brown smear on the side of the glass
到现在让人类目不转睛地关注超过一百年 that's transfixed humankind for over a century now.
这就是石油 It's oil.
使它如此令人着迷的是它不可思议的 And what makes it so mesmerising is that it's an incredible
自然界引擎的特性 feat of natural engineering.
这是来自太阳的能量被生物收集 This is energy from the sun that's been concentrated by creatures
超过数十年 数百年 然后被强化 over decades and centuries and then intensified in this
在我脚底下数公里的地质压力锅里面 geological pressure cooker kilometres beneath my feet
那里的压力和温度结合产生了 where this marriage of pressure and temperature has created
一种绝对充满能量的物质 a material that is absolutely jam-packed with energy.
远比地球上其它的大部分东西有更多能量 Far more energy than almost anything else on the planet,
超过波涛 风力和潮汐 more than waves, more than wind, more than the tide.
对那种能量的开采 And it's the exploitation of that energy,
以及它可以让我们做什么 这是关于石油的故事的根本 and what it's allowed us to do, that is the essential story of oil.
故事发生在150年以前 It's a story that starts 150 years ago.
带着我们探寻利用这浓缩的石油能量 With our quest to use this concentrated energy of oil, to
来驱散黑暗 点亮世界 而这以前从未做过 push back the night, and illuminate the world like never before.
1853年 一个业余地理学家溜达穿过 In 1853, an amateur geologist wandered across these
这些Pennsylvania的牧场 寻找石油坑 meadows in Pennsylvania, searching for oily puddles.
他叫George Bissell His name was George Bissell.
他观察到当地人用毯子浸湿提取这种液体 He had watched as locals soaked up the liquid with blankets,
然后把它当做油膏来医治小病 then used it as an ointment to treat various ailments.
但Bissell对这石油的医用特性并不感兴趣 But Bissell wasn't interested in the medicinal properties of this oil.
他想创造这个 光 He wanted to create this. Light.
直到19世纪中叶 全世界一直 Up until the mid-19th century the world had been
依赖鲸鱼油来取光 relying on whale oil to produce most of its artificial light.
如此这般 鲸鱼几乎被驱赶 So much so, the animal had almost been driven to
灭绝 extinction as a result.
需要有别的东西来点亮世界 Bissell有这个预感 Something else was needed to light the world, and Bissell had a hunch
就是他看着的这个石油池塘也许是新燃料海洋 that the oily pools he was seeing might promise an ocean of new fuel.
但是在地理学还是瞎掰的年代 他 But in an age when geology was little more than guesswork, he'd
不知道那里有多少 或需要挖多深才能发现石油 no idea how much was there, or how far down he'd have to go to find it.
Bissell需要其他人为他挖 Bissell needed someone to dig for him.
Edwin Drake上校来了 Enter one Colonel Edwin Drake,
来自纽约的前铁路售票员 a former railway conductor from New York.
一个着迷于石油的男人 A man who was just as fascinated by oil,
但他也喜欢动手 but who also liked to get his hands dirty.
1859年春天 In the spring of 1859, bankrolled by
在Bissell投资下 Drake确定了在Titusville附近的有希望的地点 Bissell, Drake set up at a promising site near the town of Titusville.
他的方法非常直接 His approach was straightforward enough.
钻下去 发现石油 把它抽出地面 Drill down, strike oil, pump it out of the ground.
会是那样简单吗？ What could be simpler?
几乎在Drake开始钻的时候 他就碰到了问题 Almost as soon as Drake started drilling, he encountered a problem.
他钻到三英尺深的地方 松软 Three feet down he hit the water table and there, soft,
浸透的沙泥就塌陷进洞里 saturated sands and muds just collapsed in on the hole.
就像在流沙里挖洞 It was like digging into quicksand.
似乎走进了死胡同 但是当Bissell绝望时 It seemed like the end of the road, but while Bissell despaired,
Drake开始解决问题 Drake set about solving the problem.
然后他想出了 And what he came up with
简单的天才主意 was as simple as it was genius.
离Drake油井只有几英里 我将去拜访当地的石油工人 Just a few miles from Drake's well, I've come to visit local oil man,
Billy Huber 他的家族一直在这里挖石油 Billy Huber, whose family have been drawing oil from the ground
已经有好几代了 正是用着Drake的方法 in this area for generations, in much the same way as Drake.
我希望能够了解钻石油的艺术 I'm hoping to learn about the art of drilling
和说明白当年Drake的聪明主意是什么 and shed some light on exactly what Drake's clever idea was.
如果我们回到100年前 和这有什么不同吗？ If we went back 100 years, how would this be different?
这个？ 没什么不同 没什么不同？ This? It wouldn't be any different. Wouldn't be any different?
那感觉很好？ 那个你同样方法在做的主意？ Is that quite a nice feeling? The idea you're doing it the same way?
是的 当我爷爷的爷爷的爷爷 Yeah. When my great-great-grandfather
到来这里 就是这样了 那是什么时候？ come over here, that's what he was, is a... When was that, then?
1859年
哦 1859年 那是Drake油井的那年 Oh, right, 1859, that's the year of Drake's well.
那他一开始就在这里 是的 一开始就在 He was in at the start. Yeah, he was in the start of it.
很棒 That's so cool.
那么当你清干净这地方 你就开始钻井 So when you've cleared the ground and you're going to start drilling,
哪里开始阶段做什么？ what's the kind of first stage that you do?
你把导管钻进去 You drill the drive pipe in.
导管 告诉我们什么事导管 So the drive pipe. Tell us about the drive pipe.
那是12英寸宽的管子 The drive pipe's a piece of pipe 12 inches wide.
大概这么大小 是的 那样大小 Yeah, so it's about that size. Yeah, about like that.
多长呢？ 20英尺长 And how long? 20 feet long.
那么 如果你不用导管会发生什么？ And so, I mean, what would happen if you drilled without a drive pipe?
那就会有塌方的危险 You'd take a chance of your well collapsing.
那这个是那个时代非常重要的进步？ Yeah, so was that a kind of really crucial development in those
是的 在1800年代是个巨大的进步 early stages? Yeah, it was a big development in the 1800s
当他们开始使用时 when they first started.
似乎是个简单的主意 It seems to me quite a simple idea.
是的 很简单 Yeah, it's a real simple idea.
最初的导管是木制的 现在变成钢制的 The first drive pipe was wood and now it's steel.
但是还是采用哪个1859年的简单主意 But that simple idea which was, you know, 1859 or
或者类似的办法 你今天采用的 something like that, you're still doing it today.
是的 Yeah.
利用导管钻石油 By running his drill through this drive pipe
取代直接钻井 instead of directly into the ground,
Drake克服了钻井塌方的问题 Drake overcame the problem of the drill hole collapsing.
这是个整洁的方案让他能够 It was a neat solution that allowed him
比其他人钻得更深 to drill deeper into the ground than anyone had done before.
1859年8月27日 And on the 27th of August, 1859,
他钻到了69.5英尺深 he reached a depth of 69.5 feet...
发现了石油 ..and struck oil.
Drake完全震惊了 Drake was completely taken by surprise,
不知道该做什么 he just didn't know what to do.
他抓了几个碰巧躺在边上的威士忌酒桶 So he grabbed some old whisky barrels that happened to be lying
用它们来收集石油 这就是为何我们今天用桶 around and used them to gather up the oil, which is why we use barrels
来计量石油就像某种货币 today as the kind of currency, if you like, of oil production.
但就在那种情况下 But even in that instant,
Drake知道他将需要很多的酒桶 Drake knew he was going to need a lot of barrels.
就像在黑暗中地质枪开了一枪 会发生什么 What began as a geological shot in the dark was on course
在点亮美国的进程中 to light up America.
Edwin Drake和George Bissell不知道 Edwin Drake and George Bissell didn't know it,
但是从地底下大量开采到石油 but by extracting oil from the ground in large quantities
就像这个 然后提炼出有用的产品 like this and refining it into a useful product
像煤油 他们成为了现代工业之父 like kerosene, they had become the fathers of the modern industry.
但是他们的石油淘金引起了注意 But their oil bonanza didn't go unnoticed.
12个月里 Drake以外有大量的超过 Within 12 months, Drake was joined by a forest of over
75口钻井涌现 在他的Titusville地方 75 drilling rigs that popped up around his Titusville site.
到1861年 By 1861
每年产量大约100万桶 around one million barrels were being produced a year -
远远超过任何人的想象 far more than anyone knew what to do with.
石油溪谷成为了疯狂的石油挖掘地 Oil Creek became a frenzied oil grab
这样的喧嚣场面以Pithole最为典型 and nowhere typified this chaos more than in the town of Pithole.
我会见了当地的历史学家Brian Black以弄清 I've come to meet local historian Brian Black to find out
这些传闻故事 more about this apocryphal tale.
你讲的关于一个社区的故事 你查遍 What you do to tell the story of a community is you go through
美国普查记录 一件关于Pithole的事情 US census records and one of the things that sums up Pithole
在美国普查记录都没有是 is it never appears in the US census
因为这普查每十年才搞一次 而在1860年 because the decennial census happens every ten years and so 1860
都还没有普查 很确定 1865年石油开始 it didn't exist, certainly, 1865 its oil begins
产出 然后到了1870年没任何人在这了 to come in, and then by 1870 no-one's here any more.
那么是昙花一现 就是这样 So it's a flash in the plan. Exactly.
所以6个月你就建成了一个小镇 And so over a six-month period you had a town,
很繁华的小镇 就像拔地而起 a very prosperous town, develop just out of nowhere, literally.
有十个宾馆 You'd have ten hotels.
有足够的沙龙容纳他们 You'd have enough saloons to support them,
根本上是你尽快地建起建筑 and essentially you were bringing buildings up from the ground
马上开张 as quickly as you could and opening them immediately.
但是所有最初的动机 But for all that initial kind of planning,
一旦开始行动就变得很混乱 it sounds like once it started to take off it was pretty chaotic.
绝对混乱 很少有规则 Absolutely chaotic and there was very little law, there was
很少有控制 没人真正关心 very little control over anything and no-one really cared
如何控制因为真正重要的是石油 about controlling it because really what mattered was the oil.
那就是这地方繁荣 人们蜂拥而入的原因 So that's what leads to the boom, that's what leads people to rush.
那么Pithole是它自己成功的受害者？ So was Pithole a victim of its own success?
我想是的 I think it was.
如果我们浑身油污今天看起来是很疯狂的事情 It's crazy to think of today that we were sloppy with oil
但他们有很多石油 是唯一产石油的地方 but they had a bunch of it and it was the only place it was
而且他们没有任何科技 coming from and they simply didn't have the technology
来控制好 所以是的 这地方到处是油污 to control it well and so, yeah, it was slopping all over the place.
他们也许在这里发现了石油 但先驱们 They may have found oil here, but the pioneering fathers
不知道如何处理它 of the industry didn't have a clue what to do with it,
除了疯狂地尽可能把石油弄出地底 apart from get it out of the ground as frantically as possible.
最后 美国的最早石油繁荣在混乱中衰弱 As a result, America's first oil boom descended into chaos
几乎和它开始一样快 almost as soon as it had started.
但是当石油溪谷在石油海洋中沉没时 But as Oil Creek drowned in an ocean of crude,
有个人一直在观察 one man had been watching it all -
一个光明天使把有序 an angel of light who was going to bring order
带到了勇敢的新的石油世界 to the brave new world of oil.
这是家住纽约州的最有权势的男人之一 This is the New York stately home of one of the most powerful men
在这个世界上 the world has ever known.
欢迎来到美国最富的人家里 I'd like to welcome you to the home of the richest man in America,
欢迎来到Kykuit welcome to Kykuit.
一位神秘的讨厌金钱的浸礼会教徒 然而却赚了很多钱 An enigmatic Baptist who hated money, yet who made so much of it
比尔盖茨的财富好几倍才能与之匹敌 you'd need to multiply Bill Gates' fortune by ten to match it.
这里 我想 是这所房子最重要的房间之一 This, I believe, was one of the most important rooms of this house.
这是真正的慈善中心 This was really the centre for philanthropy -
一种科学的方法 全新的方式捐献金钱 a scientific approach, a whole new way of giving away money.
John D Rockefeller.
一个大家熟知的名字 但几乎没人了解的男人 A name known to many, but a man known by few.
你可以看到这些照片 家庭非常重要 So you can see by these photos, family is very important
他们全家就像你的家庭一样 and they were a family just like your family at home. Mmm.
Rockefeller会给他遇到的每个成年人1美金 Rockefeller would famously give a dollar to every adult
给每个孩子1角 他那么大方 and a dime to every child he met, such was his generosity.
但是远不止是一个安静的 But there's more to this man than the quiet,
正派的美国民间绅士 upstanding gentleman of American folklore.
Rockefeller是石油工业的标志性人物 Rockefeller was a towering figure of the oil industry,
一位教会世界如何利用石油和让我们意识到 a man who taught the world how to use oil and made us realise
我们是多么需要石油 然后赚取了巨额的财富 how much we needed it and on the back of it made an absolute fortune.
但是所有这些描述Rockefeller是个 But for all this notion of Rockefeller as
慷慨的慈善家 他获得这些优势的办法 the well-meaning benefactor, the way that he achieved that dominance
却是通过无情的算计 was through a calculated ruthlessness.
这使他获得了一个绰号 One that earned him a nickname -
“水蚺” The Anaconda.
Rockefeller也和George Bissell、Edwin Drake一样 Rockefeller had, just like George Bissell and Edwin Drake,
1860年代着迷于石油 但他不是地质学家 been struck by oil fever in the 1860s, but he was no geologist.
他是生意人 Rockefeller was a numbers man.
作为一个果菜商 他生活得很不错 As a greengrocer, he had made a good living by carefully counting
精打细算建立自己的事业 every dollar and cent to build his business up,
然后当石油溪谷出现 so when Oil Creek came about,
Rockefeller就和Bissell一样对点亮美国着迷 Rockefeller was just as fascinated by lighting up America as Bissell.
但是他完成了他的算计 But he had done his sums.
知道鲸鱼油的价格在一年内翻了4倍 He knew the price of whale oil had quadrupled in a year
现在都买不起了 and was now unaffordable.
知道每一美元投资在石油钻井上 He knew that for every dollar spent drilling an oil well,
会有成千倍的回报 thousands were returned.
他知道世界会转向用煤油点亮他们的家 He knew that the world was turning to kerosene to light their homes
而且数字看起来很好 and that the numbers looked good.
Rockefeller把他所有的钱 Rockefeller invested all his fruit
在1865年投资了一个石油精炼厂 and veg money in an oil refinery in 1865
很快地利用赚到的利润有建了第二厂 and quickly used the profits to build a second one.
但是 至关重要地 But, crucially,
他又做了一件Pennsylvania别人还没有做的事情 he also did something else that others in Pennsylvania had not.
但大家都在埋头产量时 While everyone else was fixated with quantity,
Rockefeller确认为质量是关键 for Rockefeller it was quality that was key.
石油会值钱只有被提炼出那些东西 I mean, oil was only valuable if it could be refined into something
人们愿意用它点亮自己家 为了保证 that people actually wanted to light their homes with and to ensure
这样的情况发生 他只有确保他的煤油是附近最好的 that that happened, he had to make his kerosene the best around.
标准化他的产品质量是 Standardising the quality of his product was the key
Rockefeller成功的关键 to success for Rockefeller.
什么还有更好的办法保证质量 And what better way to guarantee that quality
比把公司名字以它命名？ than to name your company after it?
标准 Standard.
你可以永远信赖的石油 An oil you could always trust.
Rockefeller所关心的是 这将成为 As far as Rockefeller was concerned, this was going to be
点亮美国的唯一名字 the only name that lit up America.
为了确保这个发生 And to be absolutely sure that happened,
“水蚺”将要赢得作为无情的石油巨头的名声 the Anaconda was about to earn his reputation as a ruthless oil baron.
Rockefeller看来 把他的石油带入市场 For Rockefeller, getting his oil to market
和确保质量同样重要 was just as important as ensuring its quality,
那部分的拼图游戏要依赖铁路网络 and that part of the jigsaw depended on the rail network.
但是为了影响石油的运输 But in order to influence the transportation of oil, he would
他必须和铁路公司合谋来控制 have to conspire with the railroad companies that controlled it.
我将回见Rockefeller历史学家 I've come to meet Rockefeller historian
Barbara Shubinski 来弄明白更多 Barbara Shubinski to find out more.
标准石油和铁路公司达成的生意包括两个方面 The deals that Standard Oil cut with the railroads involved two aspects.
最直接的就是返利折扣 The most straightforward one is a rebate.
所以铁路公司设定货运价格 So a railroad has a set price for shipping freight
发货量大的托运人像“标准石油”可以有折扣 and a large shipper like Standard Oil might get a discount.
你可以把它当做批量折扣 所以他的货运成本 You can think of it as a bulk discount, so he's shipping
比他的竞争对手低 特别是小的竞争对手 more cheaply than his competitors, especially the smaller competitors.
但是第二方面的铁路公司达成的交易真是 But the second aspect of the deal with the railroads is what
做到家了叫做退款 really drives it home, which is called the drawback.
退款是小的生产者支付的罚款 What a drawback is, is the penalty you pay as a small producer -
你可能不知道 给那些已经得到了 unbeknownst to you - to the big producer who is already getting
它自己应有的折扣或者返利的大生产者 就像Rockefeller的标准石油 his own discount or rebate and that's Rockefeller and Standard Oil.
哦 所以如果你托运费是2美金 Wow. So if you figure shipping is two dollars,
标准石油只支付一美金每加仑 每蒲式耳 Standard Oil pays one dollar per gallon, per bushel,
每桶 诸如此类 小竞争者要支付2美金 per barrel, you know, what have you. A smaller competitor is paying two,
其中的50美分也要给标准石油 but 50 cents out of their two is also going to Standard Oil
所以最后 他们要支付2美金而标准石油只要付50美分 so in the end, they're paying two and Standard Oil's paying 50 cents.
整个部门的定价就是那样 对的 So it's price fixing right across that sector. Right.
天才 It's kind of genius. I mean...
是天才 不可思议 It is kind of genius. That's incredible.
完美的骗局 It was the perfect scam.
Rockefeller可以把自己的运费削减到几乎没有 Rockefeller could reduce his own shipping costs to almost nothing
而那些他的竞争对手就负担不起 while those of his competitors became unaffordable.
他作为最大的顾客 And as he was their biggest customer,
铁路公司也乐意按照他的游戏规则玩 the railroads were more than happy to play along with his game.
根据今天的标准实际是完全非法 By today's standards it's a highly illegal practice,
但在1870年代 允许像Rockefeller这样的权势 but in 1870 it was a power that allowed Rockefeller
杀死竞争对手完全控制整个行业 to kill the competition and take total control of the industry.
不到10年 他寡头垄断了美国煤油供应 Within a decade, he monopolised America's kerosene supply
80%以上的份额 owning over 80% of it.
Rockefeller是毫无争议的光明王 Rockefeller was the undisputed king of light.
这之前从没人这么快速地变得富有和强大 Never before had one man become so rich and powerful so quickly
利用单一的自然资源 on the back of a single natural resource.
唯一他有问题的是一个地质学问题 The only problem he did have was a geological one.
当整个世界热衷于新的燃料时 没人知道 While the world was falling in love with this new fuel, nobody knew
那里有多少石油或者你在哪里可以再发现一些 how much of it there was or where exactly you could find some more.
Rockefeller也许已经带给美国光明 Rockefeller may have brought light to America
以及垄断石油工业 但说实在 and in the process taken control of the oil industry, but to be honest,
如果没有石油可卖的话控制还有意义吗？ was it worth controlling if there was no oil to sell?
他原以为他破解了这个供应问题 He thought that he'd cracked that problem of supply
当地质学家钻穿了俄亥俄的石灰岩石发现 when geologists drilling through the limestone rocks of Ohio uncovered
在当时世界最大的原油储备 what was, at the time, the world's biggest reserves of crude oil.
典型的冒进风格 In typically aggressive style,
标准石油进入并买了许多 Standard moved in and bought the lot.
到最后Rockefeller积累了大约1千万桶 Eventually Rockefeller had amassed something like ten million barrels
利马石油 这个行动差点让公司破产 of Lima oil, an act that almost bankrupted the company.
请注意 他在确保世界的石油未来 Mind you, he had secured the world's oil future.
或者他有吗？ Or had he?
后来发现Rockefeller的新石油有问题 It turns out there was a problem with Rockefeller's new oil.
我们来自BBC电视台 我们在做关于石油的系列节目 From BBC Television, we're doing a series about oil.
这东西 100多年前被用于点亮家里 And this stuff, 100 years ago, they used to light their homes with.
别在意 我只想知道你认为如何？ Never took on. I'm just wondering, what do you think? What do you...?
闻起来像臭蛋 Woow! Smells like a stink bomb!
Eww!
Oh!
怎么了？ 很臭 What's wrong? Stinks.
好吗？ 不好吗？ 你喜欢吗？ Nice? Not nice? You like?
不 No!
Ooow!
见鬼 闻起来像狗屎 伙计！ Damn! Smells like shit, dude!
闻一下 Have a smell. Eurgh!
太恶心了 快拿开！ That's disgusting! Get away from me!
不 我的石油怎么了？ No. What's wrong with my oil?
Lima油井出产叫做黄鼠狼石油 The Lima wells produced something that was called skunk oil
因为这石油绝对很臭 because it absolutely stank.
这东西 I mean, this stuff...
闻起来像某些东西爬进那里然后死掉 smells like something's crawled in there and died.
是原油和硫磺的混合有害气体的味道 That rich aroma is a noxious cocktail of crude oil and sulphur.
关键是 当你燃烧这东西时更臭 The thing is, see when you burn this stuff, it smells even worse.
那就是没人想要在家里点燃 That's the point, no-one wanted to light their homes
这很臭的东西 with something that smelled of skunk,
而Rockefeller刚买了一大堆的这东西 and yet Rockefeller had just bought an ocean of the stuff.
他的解决办法？ 用钱来打发问题 His solution? Throw money at the problem.
Rockefeller付钱请了世界上最好的化学家 Rockefeller paid some of the world's finest chemists to work out
想办法去除石油的硫磺气味 a way of removing the oil's sulphurous odour.
真是死里逃生 但起效了 It was a close call, but it worked
Rockefeller成功维持他对石油工业的束缚 and Rockefeller managed to maintain his stranglehold on the industry.
但臭石油是一个征兆 But smelly oil was an omen of things to come.
远在6000英里外 For 6,000 miles away,
一个石油星球的新篇章即将开始 a new chapter in Planet Oil was about to begin...
这将颠覆Rockefeller的石油世界 ..one that was going to turn Rockefeller's world upside down.
Eurgh!
真恶心 That's disgusting.
它还很烫 Eurgh! It's hot as well.
HE LAUGHS
HE EXHALES DEEPLY
这感觉极古怪 Oh, that's the weirdest feeling.
我想要理解石油 你必须这么做 I guess, to appreciate oil, you have to do this -
你必须完全沉浸其中 you have to immerse yourself completely in it.
这是方法 That's the way to...
去理解它 to understand it.
这是巴库石油 让我向你引荐 This Baku oil, let me introduce you.
它粘稠度低 基本上是很稀的 It's got low viscosity, which means it's runny, basically.
它质量很高 非常容易提炼 It's really high quality, which means it refines easily
燃烧时间长 所以是非常棒的东西 and it burns for a long time, so it's fantastic stuff.
在这里 它们只起到了它的有助于健康特性 Round here, they talk mainly about its health qualities.
它对关节炎和牛皮癣皮肤病有很好帮助 It's really good for arthritis and for skin diseases like psoriasis.
在1870年代以前这是主要用途 然后有个男人 That's what it was used for up until the 1870s, when one man
发现了它完全不同的未来 could see a very different future for it.
Robert Nobel,
一个军工企业家 达到了这个偏远的地区 a military industrialist, had arrived in this remote land
位于里海岸边 为了寻找做来复枪的木材 by the shores of the Caspian Sea in search of wood to make rifles.
但是他没有发现绿色的森林相反却看到了奇怪的黑色景观 But instead of green forests, he found a strange black landscape.
一个每块岩石都在燃烧的地方 A place where the very rocks were on fire.
对于诺贝尔 这不像是在地球表面 For Nobel, this was not like being on Earth,
而是深处某个地方 but somewhere deep inside it.
他目击了石油河流和到处燃烧的出气口 He witnessed rivers of oil and flaming gas vents everywhere...
自然界活的能量的景观 ..all signs of a landscape that was alive with nature's energy.
就像这些火山泥表现的地质能量 And as these mud volcanoes show, that geological power
是那么明显 1870年代诺贝尔发现的也一样 is as evident today as it was for Nobel in the 1870s.
这只是一个宝宝 这四周它们中的某个能有 This is just a baby one, some of them around here can be
700米高10公里宽 700 metres high and 10km across.
真正驱使它的是几百米 What's actually driving it is hundreds of metres
我底下深处 软污泥在巨大的压力下以及 down beneath me - soft mud that's under lots of pressure and has got
一些自然界的气体上升在地表涌出 pockets of natural gas that rise up and spew out at the surface.
这意味着 虽然这景观听起来 What that means is that, although this landscape sounds
像抽水马桶的咕噜声 实际上在告诉你 like a kind of gurgling toilet, actually what it's telling you
这是深埋在我们脚下的巨大的碳氢池 is that there's this vast pool of hydrocarbons deep beneath our feet.
就是那碳氢能量激起了诺贝尔的兴趣 And it was that hydrocarbon energy that sparked Nobel's interest.
因为在它们里面 他看到了参与光明时代的机会 For in them, he saw his opportunity to join the age of light.
他和兄弟创立了诺贝尔兄弟石油公司 He and his brother formed The Nobel Brothers Petroleum Company,
开始建立后来成为 and set about establishing what was going to become
世界上单个最大的石油生产者 the single biggest oil producer in the world.
但是一滴新的煤油对他们来说没多少用处 But a glut of new kerosene was not much use to them
如果没有一个市场可以销售的话 without a market to sell it to.
虽然邻国像俄国的需求很高 Whilst demand was high in neighbouring countries like Russia,
诺贝尔兄弟知道如果他们想成为 the Nobels knew that if they wanted to be
这个工业的真正玩家 a serious player in the industry,
他们必须发现新的市场 they had to find new territory of their own...
这意味着向东方挺进 ..and that meant looking east.
亚洲对任何供应商来说都是巨大的市场 Asia was a massive market for any new supplier,
但离产油地太远了 but it was a long way from the oil fields.
一条痛苦的缓慢而且昂贵的陆地线路 A torturously slow and expensive land route
从巴库穿过中东是唯一的路线 from Baku across the Middle East was the only way
把诺贝尔的煤油送到他们新的顾客那里 of getting the Nobels' kerosene to their new customers.
如果这还不是最坏的 那么他们还有另外问题 And if that wasn't bad enough, they had another problem -
那就是“水蚺”也在盯着 the Anaconda was watching.
洛克菲勒也在想点亮亚洲 Rockefeller also had his eye on lighting up Asia...
把他的石油从美国通过海路运输实际上 and getting his oil there by sea from America was in fact
比诺贝尔兄弟从陆地运输要容易很多 easier than it was for the Nobels to transport theirs by land.
如果新的妄求者计划和煤油王竞争 If the new pretenders were going to compete with the king of kerosene
以及突破亚洲 他们需要快速解决运输问题 and crack Asia, they needed to solve their transportation problem fast.
答案以这种不可能的形式出现 The answer came in the unlikely form of this.
以为英国海贝壳商人的儿子 The son of an English shell merchant,
一个即将解决诺贝尔巴库石油运输问题的男人 and a man who would solve the Nobels' Baku oil problem
作为回报 创办了现代世界伟大的品牌之一 and, in turn, create one of the great brands of the modern world.
他叫Marcus Samuel He was called Marcus Samuel.
Samuel是个节俭的商人 以消减成本技能出名 Samuel was a frugal merchant, famed for his cost-cutting prowess
和亚洲市场关系很好 所以诺贝尔 and well connected to the Asian market that the Nobels
非常希望接触 so desperately wanted to reach.
石油并不是他的生意 但竞争结果是 Oil was not his business, but seeing off the competition was.
Samuel要把Rockefeller Samuel figured that to shut Rockefeller
和标准石油关出欧洲和亚洲门外 and Standard Oil out of Europe and Asia,
他所要做的是尽快运送诺贝尔的石油 what he needed to do was to ship Robert Nobel's oil quicker
大量地运送 and in greater bulk,
在新的市场便宜快速销售 basically selling it cheap and fast to the new market.
但为了做到做这个 他必须拼凑 But to do that he had to piece together
最重要的一块拼图 one last crucial part of the jigsaw -
苏伊士运河 the Suez Canal.
1869年开通 苏伊士运河是条新的人工水路 Opened in 1869, the Suez was a new man-made waterway
连接地中海和红海 that connected the Mediterranean to the Red Sea.
它让商船缩短2000英里 It allowed merchant ships to carve over 2,000 miles
从欧洲到亚洲航线 off their journey from Europe into Asia.
如果诺贝尔的巴库石油想尽快进入市场 If the Nobels' Baku oil was going to get to market faster,
他们就需要利用这条新的运河 they needed to use this new canal.
问题是老的快速帆船用于运输石油 The problem was that the old clipper ships used to carry oil
在19世纪被运河业主认为是不安全 in the 19th century were deemed unsafe by the canal's owners.
因为几千桶石油滚放在 For them, thousands of barrels of oil rolling around
巨大的木制的船里太威胁了 a huge wooden hold was simply too dangerous.
如果Samuel能够改变船的基本形状 If Samuel could alter the basic shape of the vessel,
从传统的浴缸形设计 from the kind of traditional bathtub design
带有巨大的一层或两层空间 with a large single or double hold
到某个长点 细点 to something that was longer and slender
有多个密封舱的船体 and had multiple sealed chambers,
那么不仅仅能够多载石油 而且更加安全 then not only could he carry more oil, but he could do it safer.
这样就能够改变原油的运输方式 The result was something that would transform the way that crude oil
创造出其中一个伟大的标志 gets transported and on the way create one of the great icons
现代石油工业 of the modern oil industry.
超级坦克就是解决公司面临问题的方案 The super tanker - the solution to the company's problem.
Samuel现在可以运输原来2倍的石油 Samuel could now transport twice as much oil
而且因为石油被存放在许多密封的容器里 and because it was safely stored in lots of sealed containers,
苏伊士运河当局认为足够安全通过运河 the Suez Canal deemed it safe enough to use the waterway.
这是游戏改变者 It was a game changer.
的新的石油坦克在亚洲击败了洛克菲勒 Samuel's new oil tankers beat Rockefeller to Asia,
截止1892年 这使得 and by 1892, it allowed them
他们完全统治了那里的石油市场 to totally dominate the oil market there.
巴库成了全球石油产品的中心枢纽 Baku became THE worldwide hub for oil production,
让诺贝尔兄弟变得非常富有 多亏了Samuel making the Nobel brothers very rich men and, thanks to Marcus Samuel,
创造了石油工业最知名的图标 creating one of the most iconic names the industry has ever known.
洛克菲勒的寡头王国结束了 The Anaconda's monopoly was over.
这工业由一个人来控制实在是太大了 This industry was just too big for one man to control.
不久就有另外人加入了全球石油竞赛 And it wasn't long before others joined in this global oil race.
19世纪末几年里 In the last years of the 19th century,
一个新的石油巨头浮现随着新的石油发现 a new oil giant emerged with every new oil find,
似乎全世界每个地方都可以发现石油 and it seemed that there was oil to be found everywhere in the world,
从苏门答腊岛的丛林到南美洲 from the jungles of Sumatra, to South America,
到德克萨斯平原 and to the plains of Texas.
新的原油变得供过于求 在这新的亮灯时期 This was a glut of new crude to feed this new age of light.
但是就在新的石油国王们争吵谁的煤油 But as the new kings of oil fought over whose kerosene
会烧得更亮时 was going to burn the brightest,
他们没有注意到新的火花即将来临 they failed to notice a new spark on the horizon
将使得他们黯然失色 that would eclipse them all
甚至威胁到石油工业的存在 and threaten the very existence of the oil industry.
那就是电 Electricity.
1882年9月4日 On 4th September 1882,
发明家托马斯爱迪生合上由蒸汽推动的电机开关 the inventor Thomas Edison flicked a switch on a steam-powered motor
就在Holborn Viaduct here at Holborn Viaduct
通过一些电线输送电流马上 and sent a surge of electric current through some wires that immediately
点亮了伦敦这片大街上和家里的许多灯 illuminated dozens of street lamps and homes in this patch of London.
那一刻起 爱迪生把电灯带进了 In that moment, Edison brought electric illumination
千家万户 干净 安全 易用的点亮方式 to the masses - the clean, safe, easy-to-use form of light.
2年内西方大部分人都将会使用电灯 Within two years, most of the western world would be using it
来照亮家里 to light their homes,
这对发明家来说是个巨好的消息 但却是石油的大灾难 which is great news for the inventor, but catastrophic for oil.
随着电灯的推进 With the advent of the electric light,
石油一夜之间几乎是多余了 oil was rendered almost completely redundant overnight
整个工业面临巨大的问题 and it highlighted a huge problem for the industry.
石油确实只有一个用途（点燃）而没了它 It only really had one use and without it,
根本无用武之地 it had no purpose at all.
至于新石油巨头所关心的 As far as the new giants of the industry were concerned,
他们必须找到世界需要石油的新理由 they simply had to find another reason for the world to need oil.
幸运的是 他们即将找到一个 Lucky for them, they were about to find one.
ENGINE STARTS
去年 新的记录诞生 Last year, a new watermark was reached
全球的汽车数量超过10亿 when the number of cars in the world surpassed one billion -
地球上每六个人就有一辆 that's one for every six people on the planet.
这个统计数据表明也许是单个最伟大的 It's a statistic that tells of probably the single greatest
变革地球的科技 technological revolution the world has known.
我们全球都离不开汽车 We're obsessed with cars the world over.
汽车的发明使得我们可以四处移动 以前从未有过 Their invention allowed us to move around like never before.
而对于石油工业 And for the oil industry,
这个新的移动时代绝对是上帝赐予的 this new age of mobility was an absolute godsend.
这个真正需要用石油驱动的机器的发明 The invention of a machine that actually needed oil to work
就像是天堂的神食 但也许更非凡的是 was like manna from heaven, but perhaps more remarkable
它需要的石油种类 was the type of oil it needed.
在点燃取亮时代 煤油是唯一的东西 In the age of light, kerosene was the only thing
石油工业想提取的 that the oil industry wanted out of the refining process.
但是汽车的出现 所有这一切都变了 But with the advent of the car, all that was about to change.
我去了伦敦的石化实验室仔细观察 I've come to a petrochemical lab in London to take a closer look
这转变是什么 at what that transformation was.
这是一个和精炼工厂相同的实验室 So this is the laboratory equivalent of a refinery.
我们的原油就在底部的烧瓶里 Our crude oil is actually in the flask here at the bottom.
看那个 烧开它 Ah, look at that, boiling away.
你可以看到 它正在沸腾 真奇妙 As you can see, it's boiling away. Fantastic.
现在烧瓶的温度 So the temperature of this flask at the moment
大约在100度 石油正沸腾 is probably around about 100 degrees C, and the oil is boiling,
轻的沸腾物质会像蒸汽一样上升到圆柱 the lighter boiling material is going up the column as a vapour.
是的 它会遇到我们顶上的冷凝器 蒸汽液化 Yep. It hits our condenser at the top, the vapour liquefies,
滴落到圆柱里 drops back down the column,
所以轻的物质先离开 so the lighter material comes off first
然后慢慢地越来越重 and it gradually gets heavier and heavier
随着蒸馏过程的推进 as you go through the distillation process.
当原油被加热 As the crude oil is heated,
我们熟知和喜爱的有用产品开始出现 the useful products we all know and love begin to emerge.
气体像丙烷最先跑出 然后是煤油 Gases like propane come first, followed by kerosene
和其他的液体碳氢化合物 and the other liquid hydrocarbons.
所以这就是他们离开的顺序 And so is this the order they come off?
是的 所以这第一种产品 许多年前 Yes, so the first product - many years ago -
基本上是废弃物被丢弃 was basically a waste product that was discarded.
第二种产品是煤油 The second product is the kerosene.
煤油 就是那个 那时候的黄金液体？ So kerosene, this is the, kind of... The gold dust of the time?
这给了我们那奇妙的光 This gave us all that fantastic light.
是的 就是那样 现在它被用于航空油 Yes, very much so, and nowadays it's used as aviation fuel.
当然 Of course, yeah.
所以基本上 这些每一种都有用途 有自己的价值 So, basically, each of these have their uses, have their own value.
是的 Very much so, yes.
你在这弄的有点像做烧酒 It's like a little alcoholic still you've got going on here.
THEY LAUGH
是的 有时候你不心动 做点威士忌 Yes. You're not tempted sometimes... a little whisky...
你这里也许有做威士忌的设备？ a little whisky set-up you could have here?
很不幸没有 Unfortunately not, no.
如果那样我想政府的税收会有话要说的 I think the government tax might have something to say about that.
今天 石油精炼创造出很多有用的产品 Today, oil refinement creates many useful products,
但是在汽车出现的20年代初 but as the automobile emerged in the early 20th century,
讽刺的是 最没有价值的蒸馏工艺 ironically, it was the least valued part of the distillation process
将会变成这个工业最值钱的资产 that was going to become the industry's most prized asset.
这来自精炼的干净的液体 This clear liquid that came from that refinement
一度被认为是那些无用的副产品之一 was once considered one of those useless by-products,
它就这样被扔掉 it was just chucked away.
但是随着点亮时代被速度时代替代 But as the age of light began to be overtaken by the age of speed,
所有这些都将改变 因为这个 all that was about to change, because it was this,
不是汽车 那是石油工业的救世主 not the car, that was the saviour of the oil industry.
这是汽油 This...is gasoline.
汽油作为副产品出现 事与愿违 正是这东西 Gasoline's by-product status was, perversely, the very thing
使得它一开始就很有用 that made it useful in the first place.
当Karl Benz试验 When Karl Benz was experimenting
世界上第一台内燃机时 with the world's first internal combustion engine,
这是他唯一能够负担的燃油 it was the only fuel he could afford,
他相应地设计出他的引擎 and he designed his engine accordingly.
这是很愉快的碰巧使得汽油 It was a happy accident that would transform gasoline
从废物变成了汽车金粉 from waste product to automotive gold dust.
人类历史上第一次拥有了能量源泉 For the first time in human history we had an energy source
那么强大以至于少量液体就可以做20匹马的活 so potent that a thimbleful could do the work of 20 horses.
这浓缩的能量是石油新的未来 That concentrated power was oil's new future, and it wasn't long
不久全世界就意识到我们是如此需要它 before the entire world realised how much we'd need it.
1911年 当Winston Churchill就职 In 1911, as Winston Churchill took up his role
作为海军第一司令 as First Lord of the Admiralty, 1,000 miles away
在摩洛哥海岸1000英里外 有些征兆出现 off the coast of Morocco, something ominous appeared on the horizon.
一所德国炮艇到达 A German gunboat had arrived
作为法国殖民摩洛哥的回应 in response to the French colonisation of Morocco.
但并不是军事威胁使丘吉尔遇到麻烦 But it wasn't so much the military threat that troubled Churchill,
而是炮艇的速度 it was the gunboat's speed.
由石油驱动的速度 A speed driven by oil.
英国的海军舰队 的确它的整个军事能力 Britain's naval fleet, indeed its entire military might,
依赖于煤炭 而且英国有很多 relied on coal, something Britain had plenty of.
但是它很脏很慢 But it was dirty, slow
丘吉尔所关注的是 完全落后于时代 and, as far as Churchill was concerned, completely out of date.
他所需要的是新的包裹着拳头的能量 What he needed was a new type of energy that packed a punch.
石油 He needed oil.
在1911年丘吉尔自己说 As Churchill himself said in 1911,
只有速度才可以防御 there's only one defence and that's speed.
实际上当燃烧时石油产生的能量是煤炭的2倍 The fact is that oil generated twice as much heat as coal when it burns,
这意味着战舰可以走得更远更快 and that means that warships could go further, they could go faster,
就像石油可以跑20节而煤炭只能跑10节 something like 25 knots for oil versus only ten for coal.
这完全不同 That's a hell of a difference.
在军事上这给德国极端的优势 In military terms it gave Germany a critical advantage.
丘吉尔的战舰需要石油 Churchill's warships needed oil.
困境是当原油出现在现代军事领域的中心位置时 The dilemma was that whilst crude oil was emerging at the heart
英国居然自己一点都没有 of the modern military, Britain had absolutely none of its own.
但幸运的是 丘吉尔知道哪里可以得到 But thankfully, Churchill knew exactly where to get some.
MIDDLE EASTERN MUSIC
本世纪以来 Since the turn of the century,
英国公司一直在中东寻找这黑色的事物 British companies had been scouring the Middle East for the black stuff.
就是在这荒凉的沙漠 And it was in these barren desert lands
丘吉尔看到了他的机会 that Churchill saw his opportunity.
1914年6月 In June 1914,
立法通过确保他历史上最大的石油交易 legislation was passed that secured him the biggest oil deal in history.
一个不知名的“安哥拉波斯石油公司”（now BP） A little-known company called Anglo-Persian Oil
签下了一份独家合约 给英国军队供应石油 was granted an exclusive contract to supply oil to the British military,
但是有一个附加备忘 but with one crucial caveat.
政府拥有51%的股份 The government owned 51%.
控制权的股份 The controlling share.
是个地标性的时刻 It was a landmark moment.
历史上第一次 一个政府进入了石油工业 For the first time in history...a government was in the oil business.
未来数国对能源的需求都将依赖这块资源 The future energy needs of nations was going to depend on this resource
来使得他们可以运行 还不止这些 to keep them moving, and much more besides.
丘吉尔知道这个 那时的决定 Churchill knew it and in that moment showed
说明他不仅仅是个聪明的政治家 that he wasn't just a clever politician,
还是真正的石油预见者 but a true oil visionary.
随着世界从未见过的最大的冲突 And with the greatest conflict
以取得控制的发生 the world had ever seen about to take hold,
甚至比丘吉尔想象的还要重要 it would prove more important than even Churchill could imagine.
到大战爆发前 By the outbreak of the Great War,
丘吉尔很顺利地彻底改造了他的舰队 Churchill's overhaul of his military fleet was well underway,
他确保中东石油供给他的舰队 and he had secured a river of Middle Eastern oil to feed it.
但没有阻止得了大战的爆发 But none of it could stop the Great War
悲剧的是 being the tragedy that it was.
人力 不是石油 还在前线冲突中占主导 People power, not oil, was still at the heart of frontline conflict.
当我想起大战 我就会想到战壕 When I think of the Great War, I think of trench warfare
巨大的人类灾难 and that colossal human carnage
使你明白像这样的地方 that places like this just bring home to you,
但是战争最决定性的 but one of the most defining moments of the conflict
不是枪 而是汽油 wasn't dictated by the gun, but by gasoline.
法国以外很少有人知道这故事 Outside of France the incident is hardly known,
但在这里它被称为“Taxi Armada” but here it's referred to as the Taxi Armada,
这个事件的关键就是石油的速度 and the key to it was the speed of oil.
事件发生在大战爆发一个月内 It's an event that took place within a month of the outbreak
在1914年 of the Great War in 1914.
巴黎已经快要被德国占领 Paris was already on the verge of being taken by the Kaiser,
德国部队就聚集在离城市边界几英里的地方 as German forces amassed just a few miles from the city limits.
失陷只是时间问题 The fall was imminent.
而大部分人 包括整个法国政府 While most people, including the entire French government,
早就逃离巴黎 城市的总司令 had already fled Paris, the city's military general,
很古怪的Joseph Gallieni the rather eccentric Joseph Gallieni,
不愿轻易放弃 was less keen to see it abandoned.
对他来说巴黎沦陷 战争就结束了 For him, if Paris fell, the war was lost.
德军必须被阻止 The Germans had to be stopped.
法国为了拯救城市做最后一搏 The French made a desperate attempt to save the city,
但是他们发现前线寡不敌众 but found themselves heavily outnumbered on the front line.
Gallieni需要增援 Gallieni needed reinforcements,
但是他的所有后背部队都在巴黎30英里以外 but all his backup troops were 30 miles away in Paris.
故事是这样发生 Gallieni司令站在Les Invalides街头 The story goes that General Gallieni was standing on the street
但他看到一辆出租车经过 near Les Invalides when he saw a taxi go by...
然后又一辆 ..then he saw another one,
第三辆 然后突然他想到 and another and it suddenly dawned on him -
如果把这些汽油动力的汽车 what if he took these new gasoline-powered cars
用于输送他的后备部队到前线 and used them to take his troops to the front?
就这样命令所有巴黎出租车放弃 And so the call went out to all Parisian cabs to abandon
乘客 聚集到Boulevard des Invalides their passengers and assemble at the Boulevard des Invalides.
我和历史学家Laurent Henninger搭了一辆出租车 I'm catching a cab ride with historian Laurent Henninger
去弄清接下去发生了什么 to find out what happened next.
告诉我 “Taxi Armada”事件是如何展开的？ So tell me, how did the Taxi Armada unfold?
600辆出租车聚集在这里 Well, the 600 taxis were gathered here
就在我们现在这地方Esplanade des Invalides on that very Esplanade des Invalides where we are at the moment.
他们纠集了部队 每辆车5个士兵 They gather the troops... and with five troopers per taxi.
那么 是否是转折点 如果不是参与直接战斗 So, was it a turning point, if not in the war,
但也是某种程度上汽车被用于战争？ but in the way that motor vehicles were used in war?
是的 也许是第一个例子 Yes, because it was probably one of the first examples,
历史上的例子 汽车的额外用途 historical examples, of the extensive use of cars
在战争中运输部队 in transporting troops in a war.
这是大的历史趋势 It was the beginning of a big historical trend
军事物资移动化 that was the motorization of warfare.
是的 所以它不只是象征 Right, so it wasn't just symbolic,
是事实上的游戏变革者 它所做的一切 it was actually a game changer, in the sense of the way it was done.
当然 巨大的游戏变革者 Of course, it was a huge game changer,
有趣的是当出租车运输时 and there's a funny little anecdote that while the taxis were carrying,
运输部队时 他们的计价器还在跳 were ferrying the troops, their meters were running.
所以还是需要付钱的？ So they were still charging?!
是的 天才 Yes. That's brilliant.
Gallieni总司令的出租车行动运输了6000人部队到前线 Gallieni's Taxi Armada supplied over 6,000 troops to the front
在24小时内 within 24 hours.
随着法国前线力量的加强 德军最后被击败 With the French line strengthened, the Germans fell back.
以前从来没有这么快运输这么多部队 Never before had so many been moved so quickly.
但是巴黎出租车故事 But the story of the Parisian Taxi Armada
不只是快速军事考量 was not just about quick military thinking,
而是石油将如何改变未来的一个标志 it was a sign of how oil was going to shape our future.
从军队到日常生活 From armies to everyday life,
人类正在爱上这黑色的事物 mankind was falling in love with the black stuff
1919年华沙条约最终签署后 and as the ink finally dried on the Versailles Treaty in 1919,
胜利方和失败方都毫不怀疑 both the winners and the losers were in no doubt
石油是多么重要 about just how significant that was.
地球上有一个地方将变得 And there was one place on the planet that was going to be
至关重要 对于石油的未来 crucial to oil's future,
一个被大战完全撕裂的地区 a region that had been completely torn apart by the Great War.
中东一直被突厥人统治了数百年 The Middle East had been ruled over by the Turks for hundreds of years.
但是在第一次世界大战中作为和德国联盟的代价 But the price of allying with German in World War I
1918年帝国崩溃 was the collapse of their empire in 1918.
绝大多数同盟国挠头不知道 Most of the Allies were scratching their head over what to do
在这大片地区做些什么 with this vast region.
除了一个 All of them except one.
英国的石油咕噜Winston Churchill Britain's oil guru, Winston Churchill,
明确知道要做什么 knew exactly what to do.
对于他来说 这王国就是石油保障 For him, this kingdom represented oil security
保持英国伟大的关键 and the key to keeping Britain great.
奥斯曼帝国的崩溃不是什么大问题 The collapse of the Ottoman Empire wasn't so much a problem...
更多的石油机会 more an oil opportunity.
同盟国同意分割这个地区的绝大部分 The Allies agreed to partition large parts of the region
为新的国家联盟 into a new league of nations,
重新画的版图将会成为模板 a redrawing of the map that would be the template
今天的阿拉伯世界 for much of the Arab world today.
到现在 丘吉尔的兴趣主要在伊朗 Up until now, Churchill's interest had mainly been on Iran,
多亏了政府在Anglo-Persian Oil公司的主要股份 thanks to the government's stake in Anglo-Persian Oil.
但随着新的授权他的注意力转到 But with this new mandate his attention turned
邻居Mesopotamia 就是今天的伊拉克 to neighbouring Mesopotamia, better known today as Iraq.
这将是他下一次大的偷油 This would be his next big oil steal.
但丘吉尔不是在舞台上的唯一的石油大佬 But Churchill wasn't the only oil baron on the scene.
他有竞争者 He had competition.
Calouste Gulbenkian,
一个英国出生的美国生意人 a British-born Armenian businessman
和英国一样热衷于石油 who was as passionate about oil as the British were.
Gulbenkian是石油工业的新秀 Gulbenkian was a rising star in the oil industry
他在巴库油田赚到财富 and had made a fortune from the oil fields of Baku.
但中东一直是真正重要 But the Middle East had always been the real prize,
1925年 他开始在伊拉克找油 and in 1925, he began the search for oil in Iraq.
他的自觉证明是对的 1927年 His instincts proved correct when, in 1927,
他发现了世界上最大的油井 he struck the world's biggest oil well
在Baba Gurgur靠近伊拉克北部的Kirkuk at Baba Gurgur near Kirkuk in Northern Iraq.
巨大的石油发现将带给Gulbenkian不可估量的财富 The massive oil find would provide Gulbenkian with untold wealth.
但和丘吉尔一样 他没有太多兴趣 But like Churchill, he wasn't so much interested
石油带来的金钱 而是在乎石油带来的权利 in the money oil brought, as the power it could wield.
1928年7月31日 On July 31st, 1928,
在比利时的Ostend in the Belgian city of Ostend,
Gulbenkian聚集在同一张桌子上 Gulbenkian gathered together around the same table the heads
和世界顶级巨头 Anglo-Persian, Standard和Shell of the world's top oil companies - Anglo-Persian, Standard, Shell.
他计划邀请他们 His plan was to invite them
为他新发型的油田投标 to tender for his newly acquired oil fields.
但有一个附带条件 But with one crucial caveat.
Gulbenkian拿出地图摊开在桌上 Gulbenkian pulled out a map, laid it on the table
然后绕着所有中东的领土画了条粗红线 and drew a thick red line around all the Middle Eastern territories
那是房间里这些公司拥有的领土 that were owned by the companies in the room.
那是我们的油田 他说 These are our oil fields, he said.
但是如果我们把它变成单一个油田会发生什么？ But what if we make them one single oil field?
Gulbenkian的计划是创造出单个石油巨头 Gulbenkian's plan was to create a single oil cartel
在红线标注的区域 out of the area marked in red,
在所有公司合作下享用条款 under which all the companies would operate under shared terms
和同等所有权 and equal ownership.
这意味着完全在每件事情上合作 That meant full cooperation on everything
从产品到价格 from production to pricing.
Gulbenkian的建议将会结束石油生产者之间的竞争 What Gulbenkian proposed was an end to competition between oil producers
创造出新的寡头 and the creation of a new monopoly.
伊拉克石油公司 一个新的石油超级力量 The Iraq Petroleum Company, a new oil superpower.
中东现在也像其他国家 The Middle East now joined the rest of the world
一样开采地球石油 确保我们所有人 in the rise of Planet Oil, ensuring that we would all,
未来几代人都穿黑衣 有点文学色彩 quite literally, be in the black for generations to come.
会吗？ Or would we?
CROWDS CHEER
在世界还没来得及从第一次世界大战中恢复过来 For before the world even had a chance to recover from the tragedy
又一场全球冲突即将发生 of the Great War, another global conflict was on the horizon.
HE SPEAKS IN GERMAN
CROWD ROARS
希特勒的愿景是一个千年德意志帝国 Hitler's vision was of a thousand-year Reich.
但是当他的部队在1939年秋天横扫欧洲大陆时 But as his armies advanced across Europe in the autumn of 1939,
他就知道石油是取胜的关键 he knew that oil was going to be the key to make that happen.
二战是原油消耗的战争 World War II was a conflict consumed by crude.
天生 In the air...
海里 at sea....
陆地 每场战斗都需要石油 and on the ground, every battle was fed by oil.
希特勒的战争机器每月需要约400万桶石油 Hitler's war machine needed some four million barrels every month,
而在战争开始的一年内 yet within a year of the conflict starting,
他每月的供应不到一半 his monthly supplies were less than half that.
他非常需要石油 He needed oil fast,
巴库的巨量储备是他可以得到的 and the massive reserves of Baku was where he would get it.
竞赛在进行 The race was on.
对于德国部队 那样的需求变成了2000英里残酷的推进 For the Germany Army, that quest became a brutal 2,000 mile push
穿越欧洲一些荒凉的地带 across some of the most inhospitable terrain in Europe,
通过挡在他们面前的红军阵线 and through the Red Army lines that stood in their way.
那是灾难性的失败 It was a catastrophic failure.
被胜利冲昏了头脑 希特勒的石油饥渴部队 Blinded by the prize, Hitler's oil-thirsty armies
用尽了他们追寻的燃油 ran out of the very fuel they were chasing
远没有到达巴库之前 long before they ever reached Baku.
有个问题困扰着德军阵营 It was a problem that dogged the German military campaign
在每个回合 Messerschmitt飞机 at every turn. I mean, Messerschmitt jets,
国家最先进的战斗机 是盟军飞机速度的2倍 state of the art fighters, twice as fast as anything the Allies had got,
被禁足了 被农场的动物拖住 were grounded, hauled off runways by farm animals,
而此时德国可以控制的石油主要在罗马尼亚 whilst the oil reserves that Germany did control - mainly in Romania -
被丘吉尔和盟军无情地轰炸 were bombarded relentlessly by Churchill and the Allies.
丘吉尔知道破坏希特勒那点石油 Churchill knew that by destroying what little oil Hitler did have,
同时保护好自己的供应 whilst at the same time protecting his own supplies,
那么战争就会胜利 the war would be won.
英国的石油咕噜又一次正确 Britain's oil guru was right yet again.
到了1944年 德国几乎用尽了燃油 By 1944, Germany was almost all out of fuel.
希特勒完蛋了 Hitler's war was over.
千年德意志帝国最终因为缺油结巴了 The thousand-year Reich ultimately stuttering through a lack of oil.
这是非常明显的事实说明 It was a remarkable fact that showed just how much
在20世纪冲突中 不是有人的意志控制 20th century conflict was controlled not by the will of man,
而是汽油的力量 but by the power of petroleum.
CROWD CHEERS
当战争结束 As the war ended,
石油将如何改变我们的未来已经非常明朗 it was clear just how much oil was going to reshape our entire future.
回家的士兵想要汽车 Returning soldiers wanted to drive gasoline-powered cars
比任何时候都想 more than ever before.
他们的妻子想要最新时尚的疯狂的 Their wives now wanted new clothes made from the latest fashion craze,
尼龙（来自石油衍生物苯）做的衣服 nylon produced from oil derivative Benzene.
孩子们 大大泡泡糖的一代 And their children, the baby boomer generation,
开始玩呼啦圈和一大堆现代玩具 began to play with hula hoops and a whole host of modern toys,
材料来自新的石油为基础的发明 塑料 made from another new oil-based invention - plastic.
家庭生活的纺织品现在来自石油 The very fabric of family life was now woven from oil
而我们以前从未用过 and we were going to use it like never before.
当你在这样的地方时 它真的会打击你 It's when you're in a place like this that it really hits you.
这就是石油 This...this is oil.
我指的不是能量创造出这些东西 I don't mean the energy just to create this stuff,
而是这材料供给我们穿着 I mean the material that clothes us,
给我们饭吃 给我们各种日常生活用品 that feeds us, that gives us this kind of paraphernalia of daily life.
二战结束后 我们进入了“碳氢人类”时代 By the end of World War II, we had entered the age of Hydrocarbon Man
我们今天最根本的要素 and with that was essentially the makings of who we are today.
但世界将需要许多石油 But the world was going to need a lot of oil
来满足我们的瘾头 to feed our new addiction.
就战后西方领导人所关心的 And as far as the post-war leaders of the Western world were concerned,
中东是关键的供应 the Middle East was going to be our key supplier.
英国的石油愿景 丘吉尔 已经提前看到 Britain's oil visionary, Churchill, had already foreseen
这个区域将变得如何重要 just how important this region was going to be,
没多久其他人也看到了 and it wasn't long before others saw it, too.
美国总统Roosevelt在战争花费了很多 US President Roosevelt had spent much of the war
瞄着中东增长的石油储备 eyeing the Middle East's growing oil reserves,
这是他最为关注的 and there was one part of it that interested him more than any other.
1944年8月的一个晚上 One August evening in 1944,
二战快结束前 before the final bell had even been tolled on World War II,
英国驻美国大使Lord Halifax Britain's ambassador to the US, Lord Halifax,
被白宫邀请和总体共进晚餐 was invited to the White House for dinner with the President.
Roosevelt有一张草图要给他看 Roosevelt had a little sketch he wanted to show him.
总统做了一张中东地图 The President produced a map of the Middle East under which
上面画满了各种线条 various lines were drawn.
波斯湾石油 那是你的 他说 Persian Oil, that's yours, he said.
伊拉克 科威特 我们共享 Iraq and Kuwait we share.
沙特阿拉伯石油 那是我们的 And as for Saudi Arabian oil, that's ours."
那很粗鲁的声明表明了美国未来的愿景 That blunt statement defined America's entire vision
这将是这么一个时代 哪里是政治划分石油 of the future. This was going to be an age where politics shaped oil,
哪里是沙特阿拉伯石油供应 and where Saudi Arabia fuelled Hydrocarbon Man.
在他们匆匆忙忙中 Roosevelt, Churchill But in their haste, Roosevelt, Churchill,
和另外的自封原油国王 and the other self-appointed kings of crude
都忽视了一件重要的事情 had overlooked one important thing...
被他们拿走石油的人民 ..the people whose oil they were taking.
石油星球将政治化 Planet Oil was about to get political,
当沙特阿拉伯和其它中东国家大显身手 as Saudi Arabia and much of the Middle East flexed their muscles
夺回他们自己的石油控制 and took control of their own oil destiny.
下次 我们会看到最强大的石油超级力量会如何 Next time, we look at how the most powerful oil superpower
开始统治 the world has ever known came to dominate...
非常便宜的能源时代已经一去不返了 The era of a very cheap source of energy is gone.
这是新的时代 And this is a new era.
它的崛起将如何使得世界其余势力臣服 ..and how its rise would bring the rest of the world to its knees.
中东石油的突然截断 The sudden cut off of oil from the Middle East
我们认为今冬的能源会严重短缺 has turned the serious energy shortages we expected this winter
一场大的能源危机 'into a major energy crisis.'